@article{shields2021killing,
  title={Killing politics softly: Unconvincing propaganda and political cynicism in Russia},
  author={Shields, Paul},
  journal={Communist and Post-Communist Studies},
  volume={54},
  number={4},
  pages={54--73},
  year={2021},
  publisher={University of California Press}
}

@article{stavrova2019cynical,
  title={The cynical genius illusion: Exploring and debunking lay beliefs about cynicism and competence},
  author={Stavrova, Olga and Ehlebracht, Daniel},
  journal={Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin},
  volume={45},
  number={2},
  pages={254--269},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@article{carmelli1990heritability,
  title={The Heritability of the Cook and Medley Hostility Scale Revised},
  author={Carmelli, Dorit and Swan, Gary E and Rosenman, Ray H},
  journal={Journal of Social Behavior and Personality},
  volume={5},
  number={1},
  pages={107},
  year={1990},
  publisher={Select Press}
}

@article{stavrova2018education,
  title={Education as an antidote to cynicism: A longitudinal investigation},
  author={Stavrova, Olga and Ehlebracht, Daniel},
  journal={Social Psychological and Personality Science},
  volume={9},
  number={1},
  pages={59--69},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@article{inesi2012power,
  title={How power corrupts relationships: Cynical attributions for others' generous acts},
  author={Inesi, M Ena and Gruenfeld, Deborah H and Galinsky, Adam D},
  journal={Journal of Experimental Social Psychology},
  volume={48},
  number={4},
  pages={795--803},
  year={2012},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{neumann2023toward,
  title={Toward a social psychology of cynicism},
  author={Neumann, Eric and Zaki, Jamil},
  journal={Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  volume={27},
  number={1},
  pages={1--3},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{markov2023unpacking,
  title={Unpacking public animosity toward professional journalism: A qualitative analysis of the differences between media distrust and cynicism},
  author={Markov, {\v{C}}edomir and Min, Young},
  journal={Journalism},
  volume={24},
  number={10},
  pages={2136--2154},
  year={2023},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England}
}

@article{markov2022understanding,
  title={Understanding the public’s animosity toward news media: Cynicism and distrust as related but distinct negative media perceptions},
  author={Markov, {\v{C}}edomir and Min, Young},
  journal={Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly},
  volume={99},
  number={4},
  pages={1099--1125},
  year={2022},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@article{tsfati2025media,
  title={Media Cynicism, Media Skepticism and Automatic Media Trust: Explicating Their Connection with News Processing and Exposure},
  author={Tsfati, Yariv and Barnoy, Aviv},
  journal={Communication Research},
  pages={00936502251327717},
  year={2025},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@book{gerschewski2023two,
  title={The two logics of autocratic rule},
  author={Gerschewski, Johannes},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{mckay2021disinformation,
  title={Disinformation as a threat to deliberative democracy},
  author={McKay, Spencer and Tenove, Chris},
  journal={Political research quarterly},
  volume={74},
  number={3},
  pages={703--717},
  year={2021},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@article{quiring2021constructive,
  title={Constructive skepticism, dysfunctional cynicism? Skepticism and cynicism differently determine generalized media trust},
  author={Quiring, Oliver and Ziegele, Marc and Schemer, Christian and Jackob, Nikolaus and Jakobs, Ilka and Schultz, Tanjev},
  journal={International Journal of Communication},
  volume={15},
  pages={22},
  year={2021}
}

@article{mccright2017combatting,
\textit{Conditionally accepted manuscript, Political Science Research and Methods}
  title={Combatting misinformation requires recognizing its types and the factors that facilitate its spread and resonance.},
  author={McCright, Aaron M and Dunlap, Riley E},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier Science}
}

@article{rosenfeld2024information,
  title={Information politics and propaganda in authoritarian societies},
  author={Rosenfeld, Bryn and Wallace, Jeremy},
  journal={Annual Review of Political Science},
  volume={27},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Annual Reviews}
}

@article{libman2024dictators,
  title={Why Dictators Use Newspeak?},
  author={Libman, Alexander and Romanov, Daniil and Zakharov, Alexei},
  journal={Available at SSRN 5034536},
  year={2024}
}

@article{louis2023silence,
  title={Silence the media or the story? Theory and evidence of media capture},
  author={Louis-Sidois, Charles and Mougin, Elisa},
  journal={European Economic Review},
  volume={158},
  pages={104533},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{sheen2021media,
  title={Media with reputational concerns: yes men or watchdogs?},
  author={Sheen, Greg Chih-Hsin},
  journal={Political Science Research and Methods},
  volume={9},
  number={2},
  pages={345--364},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{shadmehr2015state,
  title={State censorship},
  author={Shadmehr, Mehdi and Bernhardt, Dan},
  journal={American Economic Journal: Microeconomics},
  volume={7},
  number={2},
  pages={280--307},
  year={2015},
  publisher={American Economic Association 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203-2425}
}

@article{kolotilin2022censorship,
  title={Censorship as optimal persuasion},
  author={Kolotilin, Anton and Mylovanov, Timofiy and Zapechelnyuk, Andriy},
  journal={Theoretical Economics},
  volume={17},
  number={2},
  pages={561--585},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{minozzi2011jamming,
  title={A jamming theory of politics},
  author={Minozzi, William},
  journal={The Journal of Politics},
  volume={73},
  number={2},
  pages={301--315},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press New York, USA}
}

@article{ognyanova2020misinformation,
  title={Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power},
  author={Ognyanova, Katherine and Lazer, David and Robertson, Ronald E and Wilson, Christo},
  journal={Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review},
  year={2020}
}

@article{altay2024exposure,
  title={Exposure to higher rates of false news erodes media trust and fuels overconfidence},
  author={Altay, Sacha and Lyons, Benjamin A and Modirrousta-Galian, Ariana},
  journal={Mass Communication and Society},
  pages={1--25},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{li2022propaganda,
  title={Propaganda, alternative media, and accountability in fragile democracies},
  author={Li, Anqi and Raiha, Davin and Shotts, Kenneth W},
  journal={The Journal of Politics},
  volume={84},
  number={2},
  pages={1214--1219},
  year={2022},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL}
}

@article{wolton2019biased,
  title={Are biased media bad for democracy?},
  author={Wolton, Stephane},
  journal={American Journal of Political Science},
  volume={63},
  number={3},
  pages={548--562},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@book{Tocqueville2000,
  author    = {Alexis de Tocqueville},
  title     = {Democracy in America},
  year      = {2000},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
  address   = {Chicago},
  translator = {Harvey C. Mansfield and Delba Winthrop},
  note      = {Originally published in 1835}
}

@book{cappella1997spiral,
  title={Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good},
  author={Cappella, Joseph N and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{alyukov2022making,
  title={Making sense of the news in an authoritarian regime: Russian television viewers’ reception of the Russia--Ukraine conflict},
  author={Alyukov, Maxim},
  journal={Europe-Asia Studies},
  volume={74},
  number={3},
  pages={337--359},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{kelley2014russia,
  title={Russia’s Military Tells a Very Different Story About What Happened to MH17},
  author={Kelley, Michael B and LoGiurato, Brett},
  journal={Business Insider},
  year={2014}
}

@inproceedings{starbird2017examining,
  title={Examining the alternative media ecosystem through the production of alternative narratives of mass shooting events on Twitter},
  author={Starbird, Kate},
  booktitle={Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media},
  volume={11},
  number={1},
  pages={230--239},
  year={2017}
}

@article{shevchenko2014web,
  title={Web users debunk Russian TV's MH17 claim},
  author={Shevchenko, Vitaly},
  journal={BBC},
  url={https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30064374},
  year={2014}
}


@article{allcott2017social,
  title={Social media and fake news in the 2016 election},
  author={Allcott, Hunt and Gentzkow, Matthew},
  journal={Journal of economic perspectives},
  volume={31},
  number={2},
  pages={211--236},
  year={2017},
  publisher={American Economic Association 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203-2418}
}

@book{myerson2013game,
  title={Game theory},
  author={Myerson, Roger B},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Harvard university press}
}

@article{kreps1982sequential,
  title={Sequential equilibria},
  author={Kreps, David M and Wilson, Robert},
  journal={Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society},
  pages={863--894},
  year={1982},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@book{schaar1981legitimacy,
  title={Legitimacy in the modern state},
  author={Schaar, John H},
  year={1981},
  publisher={Transaction Publishers}
}

@article{hobbs2018sudden,
  title={How sudden censorship can increase access to information},
  author={Hobbs, William R and Roberts, Margaret E},
  journal={American Political Science Review},
  volume={112},
  number={3},
  pages={621--636},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@book{bartlett1995remembering,
  title={Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology},
  author={Bartlett, Frederic Charles},
  year={1995},
  publisher={Cambridge university press}
}

@article{kang2024making,
  title={The making of the boy who cried wolf: fake news and media skepticism},
  author={Kang, Myunghoon and Sheen, Greg Chih-Hsin},
  journal={Political Science Research and Methods},
  pages={1--10},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{lee2023antecedents,
  title={Antecedents and consequences of fake news exposure: A two-panel study on how news use and different indicators of fake news exposure affect media trust},
  author={Lee, Sangwon and Gil de Z{\'u}{\~n}iga, Homero and Munger, Kevin},
  journal={Human Communication Research},
  volume={49},
  number={4},
  pages={408--420},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@book{gerschewski2023two,
  title={The two logics of autocratic rule},
  author={Gerschewski, Johannes},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}


@article{ognyanova2020misinformation,
  title={Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power},
  author={Ognyanova, Katherine and Lazer, David and Robertson, Ronald E and Wilson, Christo},
  journal={Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review},
  year={2020}
}

@article{mihailidis2021cost,
  title={The cost of disbelief: Fracturing news ecosystems in an age of rampant media cynicism},
  author={Mihailidis, Paul and Foster, Bobbie},
  journal={American Behavioral Scientist},
  volume={65},
  number={4},
  pages={616--631},
  year={2021},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@article{pfander2025spotting,
  title={Spotting false news and doubting true news: a systematic review and meta-analysis of news judgements},
  author={Pf{\"a}nder, Jan and Altay, Sacha},
  journal={Nature Human Behaviour},
  pages={1--12},
  year={2025},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London}
}

@article{brauninger2022political,
  title={Political elites and the “War on Truth’’},
  author={Br{\"a}uninger, Thomas and Marinov, Nikolay},
  journal={Journal of Public Economics},
  volume={206},
  pages={104585},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@misc{koehler2017conspiracy,
  title={Conspiracy theories in the Egyptian state-controlled press},
  author={Koehler-Derrick, Gabriel and Nielsen, Richard A and Romney, David},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Working Paper}
}

@article{jolley2014social,
  title={The social consequences of conspiracism: Exposure to conspiracy theories decreases intentions to engage in politics and to reduce one's carbon footprint},
  author={Jolley, Daniel and Douglas, Karen M},
  journal={British Journal of Psychology},
  volume={105},
  number={1},
  pages={35--56},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{jerit2020political,
  title={Political misinformation},
  author={Jerit, Jennifer and Zhao, Yangzi},
  journal={Annual Review of Political Science},
  volume={23},
  pages={77--94},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Annual Reviews}
}

@article{nyhan2020facts,
  title={Facts and myths about misperceptions},
  author={Nyhan, Brendan},
  journal={Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume={34},
  number={3},
  pages={220--236},
  year={2020},
  publisher={American Economic Association 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203-2418}
}

@article{kasamatsu2022strategic,
  title={Strategic Misinformation: The Role of Heterogeneous Confirmation Bias},
  author={Kasamatsu, Satoshi and Kishishita, Daiki},
  journal={Available at SSRN},
  year={2022}
}

@article{invernizzi2023trust,
  title={Trust nobody: How voters react to conspiracy theories},
  author={Invernizzi, Giovanna M and Mohamed, Ahmed Ezzeldin},
  journal={Journal of Experimental Political Science},
  volume={10},
  number={2},
  pages={201--208},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{brauninger2022political,
  title={Political elites and the “War on Truth’’},
  author={Br{\"a}uninger, Thomas and Marinov, Nikolay},
  journal={Journal of Public Economics},
  volume={206},
  pages={104585},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{li2022propaganda,
  title={Propaganda, alternative media, and accountability in fragile democracies},
  author={Li, Anqi and Raiha, Davin and Shotts, Kenneth W},
  journal={The Journal of Politics},
  volume={84},
  number={2},
  pages={1214--1219},
  year={2022},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL}
}

@article{arnon2023message,
  title={Message or Messenger? Source and Labeling Effects in Authoritarian Response to Protest},
  author={Arnon, Daniel and Edwards, Pearce and Li, Handi},
  journal={Comparative Political Studies},
  volume={56},
  number={12},
  pages={1891--1923},
  year={2023},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}


@article{little2023bayesian,
  title={Bayesian explanations for persuasion},
  author={Little, Andrew T},
  journal={Journal of Theoretical Politics},
  volume={35},
  number={3},
  pages={147--181},
  year={2023},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England}
}

@article{glassel2020sometimes,
  title={Sometimes less is more: Censorship, news falsification, and disapproval in 1989 East Germany},
  author={Gl{\"a}{\ss}el, Christian and Paula, Katrin},
  journal={American Journal of Political Science},
  volume={64},
  number={3},
  pages={682--698},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{horz2021propaganda,
  title={Propaganda and skepticism},
  author={Horz, Carlo M},
  journal={American Journal of Political Science},
  volume={65},
  number={3},
  pages={717--732},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{guriev2020theory,
  title={A theory of informational autocracy},
  author={Guriev, Sergei and Treisman, Daniel},
  journal={Journal of public economics},
  volume={186},
  pages={104158},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{guriev2019informational,
  title={Informational autocrats},
  author={Guriev, Sergei and Treisman, Daniel},
  journal={Journal of economic perspectives},
  volume={33},
  number={4},
  pages={100--127},
  year={2019},
  publisher={American Economic Association 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203-2418}
}


@book{cappella1997spiral,
  title={Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good},
  author={Cappella, Joseph N and Jamieson, Kathleen Hall},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{collins1975spreading,
  title={A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.},
  author={Collins, Allan M and Loftus, Elizabeth F},
  journal={Psychological review},
  volume={82},
  number={6},
  pages={407},
  year={1975},
  publisher={American Psychological Association}
}

@article{little2017propaganda,
  title={Propaganda and credulity},
  author={Little, Andrew T},
  journal={Games and Economic Behavior},
  volume={102},
  pages={224--232},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{alyukov2022propaganda,
  title={Propaganda, authoritarianism and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine},
  author={Alyukov, Maxim},
  journal={Nature Human Behaviour},
  volume={6},
  number={6},
  pages={763--765},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London}
}

@article{zhelnina2020apathy,
  title={The apathy syndrome: How we are trained not to care about politics},
  author={Zhelnina, Anna},
  journal={Social Problems},
  volume={67},
  number={2},
  pages={358--378},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{pearce2012networked,
  title={Networked authoritarianism and social media in Azerbaijan},
  author={Pearce, Katy E and Kendzior, Sarah},
  journal={Journal of Communication},
  volume={62},
  number={2},
  pages={283--298},
  year={2012},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@book{mickiewicz2008television,
  title={Television, power, and the public in Russia},
  author={Mickiewicz, Ellen Propper},
  year={2008},
  publisher={Cambridge university press,}
}

@article{lorentzen2014china,
  title={China's strategic censorship},
  author={Lorentzen, Peter},
  journal={American Journal of political science},
  volume={58},
  number={2},
  pages={402--414},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@techreport{gehlbach2022model,
  title={A Model of Censorship, Propaganda, and Repression},
  author={Gehlbach, Scott and Luo, Zhaotian and Shirikov, Anton and Vorobyev, Dmitriy},
  year={2022},
  institution={Working Paper}
}

@article{gehlbach2015electoral,
  title={Electoral manipulation as bureaucratic control},
  author={Gehlbach, Scott and Simpser, Alberto},
  journal={American Journal of Political Science},
  volume={59},
  number={1},
  pages={212--224},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{huang2015propaganda,
  title={Propaganda as signaling},
  author={Huang, Haifeng},
  journal={Comparative Politics},
  volume={47},
  number={4},
  pages={419--444},
  year={2015},
  publisher={City University of New York}
}

@article{cheng2022distrust,
  title={Distrust in experts and the origins of disagreement},
  author={Cheng, Haw and Hsiaw, Alice},
  journal={Journal of economic theory},
  volume={200},
  pages={105401},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{siegel2013social,
  title={Social networks and the mass media},
  author={Siegel, David A},
  journal={American Political Science Review},
  volume={107},
  number={4},
  pages={786--805},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@inproceedings{koccak2018sequential,
  title={Sequential updating: A behavioral model of belief change},
  author={Ko{\c{c}}ak, Korhan},
  booktitle={Tech. Rep., Technical report, Working Paper},
  year={2018}
}

@article{battigalli2009dynamic,
  title={Dynamic psychological games},
  author={Battigalli, Pierpaolo and Dufwenberg, Martin},
  journal={Journal of Economic Theory},
  volume={144},
  number={1},
  pages={1--35},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{toepfl2014four,
  title={Four facets of critical news literacy in a non-democratic regime: How young Russians navigate their news},
  author={Toepfl, Florian},
  journal={European Journal of Communication},
  volume={29},
  number={1},
  pages={68--82},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Sage Publications Sage UK: London, England}
}

@article{benabou2013groupthink,
  title={Groupthink: Collective delusions in organizations and markets},
  author={B{\'e}nabou, Roland},
  journal={Review of economic studies},
  volume={80},
  number={2},
  pages={429--462},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@book{szeidl2024political,
  title={The Political Economy of Alternative Realities},
  author={Szeidl, Adam and Sz{\H{u}}cs, Ferenc},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Centre for Economic Policy Research}
}

@article{lee2018spillover,
  title={The spillover effects of political scandals: The moderating role of cynicism and social media communications},
  author={Lee, Francis LF},
  journal={Journalism \& Mass Communication Quarterly},
  volume={95},
  number={3},
  pages={714--733},
  year={2018},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@article{horz2021propaganda,
  title={Propaganda and skepticism},
  author={Horz, Carlo M},
  journal={American Journal of Political Science},
  volume={65},
  number={3},
  pages={717--732},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{jones2021perceptions,
  title={Perceptions of mis-or disinformation exposure predict political cynicism: Evidence from a two-wave survey during the 2018 US midterm elections},
  author={Jones-Jang, S Mo and Kim, Dam Hee and Kenski, Kate},
  journal={New Media \& Society},
  volume={23},
  number={10},
  pages={3105--3125},
  year={2021},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England}
}

@article{sonin2025reverse,
  author  = {Sonin, Konstantin},
  title   = {The Reverse Cargo Cult: Why Authoritarian Governments Lie to Their People},
  journal = {University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper},
  year    = {2025},
  volume  = {2025},
  number  = {73},
}

@article{neumann2023toward,
  title={Toward a social psychology of cynicism},
  author={Neumann, Eric and Zaki, Jamil},
  journal={Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
  volume={27},
  number={1},
  pages={1--3},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{citrin2018political,
  title={Political trust in a cynical age},
  author={Citrin, Jack and Stoker, Laura},
  journal={Annual Review of Political Science},
  volume={21},
  pages={49--70},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Annual Reviews}
}

@article{dancey2012consequences,
  title={The consequences of political cynicism: How cynicism shapes citizens’ reactions to political scandals},
  author={Dancey, Logan},
  journal={Political Behavior},
  volume={34},
  pages={411--423},
  year={2012},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{szostek2018nothing,
  title={Nothing is true? The credibility of news and conflicting narratives during “Information War” in Ukraine},
  author={Szostek, Joanna},
  journal={The international journal of press/politics},
  volume={23},
  number={1},
  pages={116--135},
  year={2018},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@book{roberts2018censored,
  title={Censored: distraction and diversion inside China's Great Firewall},
  author={Roberts, Margaret},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Princeton University Press}
}

@article{shirikovrethinking,
  title={Rethinking Propaganda: How State Media Build Trust Through Belief Affirmation},
  author={Shirikov, Anton},
  journal={Journal of Politics},
year={2024}
}

@article{carter2022autocrats,
  title={When autocrats threaten citizens with violence: Evidence from China},
  author={Carter, Erin Baggott and Carter, Brett L},
  journal={British Journal of Political Science},
  volume={52},
  number={2},
  pages={671--696},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{gehlbach2014government,
  title={Government control of the media},
  author={Gehlbach, Scott and Sonin, Konstantin},
  journal={Journal of public Economics},
  volume={118},
  pages={163--171},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{hassan2022political,
  title={Political control},
  author={Hassan, Mai and Mattingly, Daniel and Nugent, Elizabeth R},
  journal={Annual Review of Political Science},
  volume={25},
  pages={155--174},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Annual Reviews}
}

@article{walker2014breaking,
  title={Breaking the news: The role of state-run media},
  author={Walker, Christopher and Orttung, Robert W},
  journal={J. Democracy},
  volume={25},
  pages={71},
  year={2014},
  publisher={HeinOnline}
}

@book{linz2000totalitarian,
  title={Totalitarian and authoritarian regimes},
  author={Linz, Juan Jos{\'e}},
  year={2000},
  publisher={Lynne Rienner Publishers}
}

@article{egorov2009resource,
  title={Why resource-poor dictators allow freer media: A theory and evidence from panel data},
  author={Egorov, Georgy and Guriev, Sergei and Sonin, Konstantin},
  journal={American political science Review},
  volume={103},
  number={4},
  pages={645--668},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{huang2021propaganda,
  title={Propaganda, presumed influence, and collective protest},
  author={Huang, Haifeng and Cruz, Nicholas},
  journal={Political Behavior},
  pages={1--24},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Springer}
}

@article{shirikov2024fake,
  title={Fake news for all: How citizens discern disinformation in autocracies},
  author={Shirikov, Anton},
  journal={Political Communication},
  volume={41},
  number={1},
  pages={45--65},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{brady2009mass,
  title={Mass persuasion as a means of legitimation and China’s popular authoritarianism},
  author={Brady, Anne-Marie},
  journal={American Behavioral Scientist},
  volume={53},
  number={3},
  pages={434--457},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@article{geddes1989sources,
  title={Sources of popular support for authoritarian regimes},
  author={Geddes, Barbara and Zaller, John},
  journal={American Journal of Political Science},
  pages={319--347},
  year={1989},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{tsfati2014individual,
  title={Individual and contextual correlates of trust in media across 44 countries},
  author={Tsfati, Yariv and Ariely, Gal},
  journal={Communication research},
  volume={41},
  number={6},
  pages={760--782},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@article{paul2016russian,
  title={The Russian “firehose of falsehood” propaganda model},
  author={Paul, Christopher and Matthews, Miriam},
  journal={Rand Corporation},
  volume={2},
  number={7},
  pages={1--10},
  year={2016},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@book{roudakova2017losing,
  title={Losing Pravda: Ethics and the press in post-truth Russia},
  author={Roudakova, Natalia},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{alyukov2023harnessing,
  title={Harnessing Distrust: News, Credibility Heuristics, and War in an Authoritarian Regime},
  author={Alyukov, Maxim},
  journal={Political Communication},
  pages={1--28},
  year={2023},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{huang2018pathology,
  title={The pathology of hard propaganda},
  author={Huang, Haifeng},
  journal={The Journal of Politics},
  volume={80},
  number={3},
  pages={1034--1038},
  year={2018},
  publisher={University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL}
}

